Autocracy or brave solution? Rwanda country profile
Women are putting beans out to dry at a coffee-bean washing station.
Photos by Sven Torfinn/Panos
Kigali is an extraordinary city, sprawled across tree-spattered low hills. Compared to the chaos and bustle of Nairobi or Kampala, it is calm, safe and remarkably clean, almost eerily so. There are few street children and no informal traders, the traffic lights work and motorbike taxi-drivers wear helmets. Neat new dormitory suburbs climb distant hillsides in orderly ranks, behind soaring new office blocks, malls and Ministry buildings. The government extols the fundamental unity of Rwandans, and the people live in peace. The transformation from the dark days of 1994 is nothing short of astonishing.
But it also feels slightly unreal. No country divides observers like Rwanda. To some, it is an unparalleled success story, a phoenix rising from the ashes of genocide. To others, an authoritarian regime, guilty of fierce repression at home and bloody military adventures abroad.
Rwanda’s progress has been driven by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group with its origins in communities of Rwandan exiles that fled anti-Tutsi violence around independence in the late 1950s. The RPF invaded from neighbouring Uganda in 1990, ultimately defeating the former regime four years later, amid the horrors of the genocide. They drove out the remnants of the genocidal forces, and took power.
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Though Rwanda transitioned to multiparty democracy in 2003, there has been no real challenge to RPF control; President Kagame won the last two Presidential elections with more than 90 per cent of the vote, and the RPF controls three-quarters of the seats in the National Assembly. Opposition parties offer no more than a nominal challenge. More vocal opponents are arrested or driven into exile. Some, it is alleged, have even been killed, most recently former RPF insider Patrick Karageya, assassinated in South Africa in January 2014.
Control extends beyond formal politics. There is almost no independent media or civil society, and very little space for discussion of history or politics, particularly the contested genesis of the quasi-ethnic identities that once ordered Rwandan life. Instead of Hutu and Tutsi, seen as racist fictions imposed on the country by the colonial authorities, everyone is now simply Rwandan. This narrative is driven home, including at re-education camps known as Ingando, attended by many Rwandans, from schoolchildren to demobilized soldiers. All citizens are expected to join community work days, farming has been progressively collectivized and new villages created from once widely spaced rural populations.
The benefit of this discipline is manifest in Rwanda’s development successes. Rural poverty has been significantly improved, including access to education, healthcare and services. Rwanda’s economy has grown at an impressive rate. And Kigali, as noted, is a gleaming testament to the RPF vision of a modern, outward-looking economy.
But it’s hard to judge if the majority of Rwandans have actively consented to this vision. The voices of the rural majority are not often heard. Tight control of political space by an effective, often brutal security apparatus suggests, at least in the view of the government, that Rwanda remains a tinderbox of ethnic violence. Maybe – it is very difficult for outsiders to know. Either way, the resulting repression does not sit easily with the RPF narrative of a unified country moving forward together.
It is this tension that gives rise to the two starkly contrasting versions of Rwanda in the global imagination. Those with faith in President Kagame see his steely reordering of Rwandan identity and society as a brave solution to the impossible legacy of genocide. Those without, see it as contradictory at best, and cover for autocracy at worst. As with all questions of faith, middle ground is hard to find.
Fact file
| Leader | President Paul Kagame. |
|---|---|
| Economy | GNI per capita $560 (Burundi $240. France $41,750). |
| Monetary unit | Rwandan franc. |
| Main exports | Coffee, tea, hides, tin ore. The country has been growing at 7-8% per year since 2003 and inflation is under control; it has also benefited from HIPC debt relief. Rwanda is immensely fertile but food production does not keep pace with demand so that imports are needed. In 2013 a Special Economic Zone opened in Kigali seeking foreign investment. |
| People | 11.5 million. Rwanda is Africa’s most densely populated nation, with 435 people per square kilometre (UK 253). Annual population growth rate 1990-2012: 2.1%. |
| Health | Infant mortality rate 39 per 1,000 live births – a massive improvement since the last profile, when it stood at 118 per 1,000. Lifetime risk of maternal death 1 in 54 (France 1 in 6,200). HIV prevalence rate 2.9%. |
| Environment | Agricultural deforestation, soil erosion and wildlife poaching are major problems. |
| Culture | There is a post-genocide insistence on being Rwandan, rather than Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. |
| Religion | Christian 93% (50% Catholic, 39% Protestant, 4% other), Muslim 2%, others 5%. |
| Language | Kinyarwanda, a Bantu language, is spoken by all, but French and English are also official languages. |
| Human Development Index | 0.434, 167th of 187 countries (Burundi 0.355, France 0.893). |
Country ratings in detail
| Income distribution | Though Rwanda has sharply reduced absolute poverty rates, there is a big gulf between rich and poor – its GINI coefficient puts it among the world’s 20 most unequal countries. |
|---|---|
| Literacy | Rising rates of school attendance, now substantially above the sub-Saharan average, have pushed up literacy rates to just under 80%, up from 56% in 1990. |
| Life expectancy | Significantly increased health spending has seen life expectancy in Rwanda improve to 63, up from 53 a decade ago, though it is only marginally above the sub-Saharan average. |
| Freedom | The government exercises ruthless control of political expression, media and civil society, and has been accused of serious and sustained human rights abuses. Economic and religious freedoms are relatively good. |
| Position of women | Rwanda has the world’s highest percentage of female parliamentarians in the world (64%), good education rates for girls, and has improved legal protection for women, including the right to inherit land. Domestic violence remains a problem. |
| Sexual minorities | There are no discriminatory laws against sexual minorities, and few reported attacks on LGBT people. But there is no positive protection under the law. |
| Previously reviewed | 2005 |
| New Internationalist assessment | The RPF government has been praised for its discipline, effective development and poverty reduction policies, which have made a material impact on the lives of the poorest. But this progress is threatened by an authoritarian grip on politics and society, repression of dissent and significant human rights abuses, which have polarized the international community, alienated many former government supporters, and, over the long term, risk undermining Rwanda’s fragile post-genocide cohesion. |
This article is from
the July-August 2014 issue
of New Internationalist.
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